A commander briefs his junior officers before a multi-day convoy run to the front lines near a mountain town (trucks, troops, and supplies), with the officers checking details as he goes. Every word colored by its case, tagged with its dictionary form and the rule that changed it.
NOMSubject. Dictionary form.
ACCDirect object. Motion toward with в / на.
GENAfter до от из у без для о́коло напро́тив вдоль с. Also: нет, numbers.
DATAfter к, по. Also: ну́жен, звони́ть, помо́чь.
INSTRMeans / с (with). Static position with над за под пе́ред.
PREPOnly with prepositions. в / на = location. о = topic.
0.90x
Forming up
Head counts and gate checks before the column rolls. Round numbers behave like пять and up, pulling the genitive plural (грузовико́в, маши́н), and у for location keeps demanding genitive too, even on воро́та, a noun that only ever exists in the plural.
01Commander
Постро́йте коло́нну у гла́вныхворо́т.
Form up the column at the main gate.
коло́нну
ACCUSATIVE
коло́нна · fem.Direct object of "form up."
гла́вных
GENITIVE
гла́вный · adj.Modifies воро́т, agrees with it in genitive plural.
воро́т
GENITIVE
воро́та · pl. onlyу (at/by) takes genitive. воро́та exists only in the plural; its genitive plural is the zero-ending воро́т.
02Commander
У нас два́дцать грузовико́в в коло́нне.
We have twenty trucks in the convoy.
грузовико́в
GENITIVE
грузови́к · masc.Numbers five and up (and round tens like два́дцать) take genitive plural. грузови́к becomes грузовико́в.
час · masc.че́рез (in/after) takes accusative for time spans. Inanimate, unchanged.
09Officer
Тра́нспортная гру́ппа уже́ на ме́сте?
Is the transport group already in position?
ме́сте
PREPOSITIONAL
ме́сто · neut.на ме́сте (in position/on the spot) is a fixed prepositional phrase.
Loading up
Loading runs on the accusative for whatever goes in the truck and the instrumental after с for whatever it travels with. свой does its usual trick of agreeing with whichever noun it's attached to, not with the subject's own gender.
10Commander
Начина́йте погру́зкулюде́й.
Begin loading the personnel.
погру́зку
ACCUSATIVE
погру́зка · fem.Direct object of "begin."
люде́й
GENITIVE
лю́ди · pl.Loading OF people, a deverbal noun's object goes genitive. Irregular plural лю́ди becomes люде́й.
11Commander
Грузи́те я́щики с боеприпа́сами в пе́рвый грузови́к.
грузови́к · masc.в for motion into takes accusative. Inanimate, unchanged.
12Officer
Ско́лько солда́т помеща́ется в оди́нгрузови́к?
How many soldiers fit in one truck?
солда́т
GENITIVE
солда́т · masc.ско́лько takes genitive plural. солда́т is one of a small set of masculine nouns with a zero-ending genitive plural, identical to the nominative singular.
оди́н
ACCUSATIVE
оди́н · num.Modifies грузови́к, agrees with it in accusative masculine. Inanimate, unchanged.
грузови́к
ACCUSATIVE
грузови́к · masc.в for motion into takes accusative.
13Commander
Ка́ждыйвзвод грузи́тся в свойгрузови́к.
Each platoon loads into its own truck.
Ка́ждый
NOMINATIVE
ка́ждый · det.Modifies взвод, agrees with it in nominative masculine.
взвод
NOMINATIVE
взвод · masc.Subject.
свой
ACCUSATIVE
свой · poss.Modifies грузови́к, agrees with it in accusative masculine, the reflexive possessive, since the truck belongs to the subject (each platoon), not to the speaker.
грузови́к
ACCUSATIVE
грузови́к · masc.в for motion into takes accusative.
то́пливо · neut.хвата́ть/хвати́ть (to suffice) takes genitive for the thing that needs to be enough.
всю
ACCUSATIVE
весь · det.Modifies доро́гу, agrees with it in accusative feminine.
доро́гу
ACCUSATIVE
доро́га · fem.на for extent/duration takes accusative here.
16Commander
Погрузи́те бо́чки с то́пливом в после́дний грузови́к.
Load the fuel barrels into the last truck.
бо́чки
ACCUSATIVE
бо́чка · fem.Direct object, plural. Inanimate, unchanged from the nominative plural.
то́пливом
INSTRUMENTAL
то́пливо · neut.с (with) takes instrumental.
грузови́к
ACCUSATIVE
грузови́к · masc.в for motion into takes accusative.
17Commander
Всё гото́во, докла́дывайте команди́ру.
Everything's ready, report to the commander.
команди́ру
DATIVE
команди́р · masc.докла́дывать (to report to someone) takes dative for the person informed.
18Officer
Кому́ докла́дывать о заде́ржке?
Who do we report a delay to?
Кому́
DATIVE
кто · pron.докла́дывать takes dative for the person informed. кто becomes кому́.
заде́ржке
PREPOSITIONAL
заде́ржка · fem.о (about) takes prepositional.
The route
The drive itself is a tour of every case at once: к and до pull dative and genitive toward the destination, по spreads dative across the roads themselves, and a genitive-genitive chain like подно́жия горы́ (the foot OF the mountain) shows two nouns stacking without either one modifying the other.
19Commander
Мы е́дем к го́рномугородку́ на фро́нте.
We're driving to the mountain town at the front.
го́рному
DATIVE
го́рный · adj.Modifies городку́, agrees with it in dative masculine.
фронт · masc.Location after на, фронт conventionally takes на, not в. фронт becomes фро́нте.
20Commander
Доро́га идёт че́рез не́сколько дереве́нь.
The road runs through several villages.
Доро́га
NOMINATIVE
доро́га · fem.Subject.
дереве́нь
GENITIVE
дере́вня · fem.не́сколько (several) always takes genitive plural, regardless of what case the surrounding phrase is in. дере́вня becomes дереве́нь.
21Officer
Ско́лько дней займёт доро́га до го́рода?
How many days will the trip to the town take?
дней
GENITIVE
день · masc.ско́лько takes genitive plural. Irregular: день becomes дней.
го́рода
GENITIVE
го́род · masc.до (up to/as far as) takes genitive.
22Commander
Мы бу́дем е́хать три дня по го́рнымдоро́гам.
We'll be driving for three days along mountain roads.
дня
GENITIVE
день · masc.Numbers two, three, four take genitive singular. день becomes дня.
го́рным
DATIVE
го́рный · adj.Modifies доро́гам, agrees with it in dative plural.
доро́гам
DATIVE
доро́га · fem.по for movement along a surface takes dative.
23Commander
Пе́рвая остано́вка бу́дет у моста́.
The first stop will be at the bridge.
моста́
GENITIVE
мост · masc.у (at/by) takes genitive. мост becomes моста́.
24Officer
А что е́сли доро́гу размы́ло дождём?
What if the road gets washed out by rain?
доро́гу
ACCUSATIVE
доро́га · fem.Direct object of the impersonal verb размы́ло (there is no grammatical subject here, only an object and a cause).
дождём
INSTRUMENTAL
дождь · masc.The instrumental of a natural force causing the action, with no preposition, the classic Russian impersonal construction.
25Commander
В тако́мслу́чае свя́жемся со шта́бом по ра́ции.
In that case we'll contact HQ by radio.
тако́м
PREPOSITIONAL
тако́й · dem.Modifies слу́чае, agrees with it in prepositional masculine.
слу́чае
PREPOSITIONAL
слу́чай · masc.Location/circumstance after в, prepositional.
шта́бом
INSTRUMENTAL
штаб · masc.связа́ться с (to get in contact with) takes instrumental after с.
ра́ции
DATIVE
ра́ция · fem.по (by means of) takes dative for the means of communication.
26Commander
Не отстава́йте от гла́внойколо́нны.
Don't fall behind the main column.
гла́вной
GENITIVE
гла́вный · adj.Modifies коло́нны, agrees with it in genitive feminine.
коло́нны
GENITIVE
коло́нна · fem.от (away from) takes genitive.
27Commander
Городо́к нахо́дится у подно́жиягоры́.
The town is at the foot of the mountain.
Городо́к
NOMINATIVE
городо́к · masc.Subject.
подно́жия
GENITIVE
подно́жие · neut.у (at) takes genitive.
горы́
GENITIVE
гора́ · fem.Possession: the foot OF the mountain. Two genitive nouns stacked together, not a modifier and its head.
Convoy discipline
Radio discipline leans on genitive after every flavor of "without" and "away from": от, без, при all want it. любо́й and ка́ждый keep declining right along with whatever noun they're attached to, this time landing in the accusative, prepositional, and instrumental in turn.
связь · fem.Direct object of "check." Soft-stem -ь noun, accusative matches the nominative.
ка́ждый
ACCUSATIVE
ка́ждый · det.Modifies час, agrees with it in accusative masculine, recurring time expressions like "every hour" take the accusative with no preposition.
час
ACCUSATIVE
час · masc.Accusative of recurring time span. Inanimate, unchanged.
30Officer
Как ча́сто выхо́дим на связь со шта́бом?
How often do we check in with HQ?
связь
ACCUSATIVE
связь · fem."выходи́ть на связь" (to check in/get on the radio) is a fixed idiom, на plus accusative.
шта́бом
INSTRUMENTAL
штаб · masc.с (with) takes instrumental.
31Commander
Не отклоня́йтесь от маршру́та без прика́за.
Don't deviate from the route without an order.
маршру́та
GENITIVE
маршру́т · masc.от (away from) takes genitive.
прика́за
GENITIVE
прика́з · masc.без (without) takes genitive.
32Commander
Веди́те учёт вре́мени в ка́ждомпу́нкте.
Keep track of time at each checkpoint.
вре́мени
GENITIVE
вре́мя · neut.Tracking OF time, two nouns stacked, not a modifier and its head. Irregular: вре́мя becomes вре́мени.
ка́ждом
PREPOSITIONAL
ка́ждый · det.Modifies пу́нкте, agrees with it in prepositional masculine.
пу́нкте
PREPOSITIONAL
пункт · masc.Location after в, prepositional.
33Officer
Что де́лать при поте́ресвя́зи с гру́ппой?
What do we do if we lose contact with the group?
поте́ре
PREPOSITIONAL
поте́ря · fem.при (in the event of) takes prepositional.
свя́зи
GENITIVE
связь · fem.Loss OF contact, two nouns stacked, not a modifier and its head.
гру́ппой
INSTRUMENTAL
гру́ппа · fem.с (with) takes instrumental.
34Commander
Сообща́йте мне о любо́йпробле́ме.
Report any problem to me.
любо́й
PREPOSITIONAL
любо́й · det.Modifies пробле́ме, agrees with it in prepositional feminine.
пробле́ме
PREPOSITIONAL
пробле́ма · fem.о (about) takes prepositional.
35Commander
Не остана́вливайтесь без кома́нды.
Don't stop without a command.
кома́нды
GENITIVE
кома́нда · fem.без (without) takes genitive.
36Officer
А что, е́сли нас останови́т патру́ль?
What if a patrol stops us?
патру́ль
NOMINATIVE
патру́ль · masc.Subject, the thing doing the stopping.
Contingencies
Contingencies bring back the ну́жен reversal from the other Sentences pages. по́мощь is the grammatical subject, not the thing you'd expect. Ра́неный (wounded) is technically an adjective wearing a noun's hat, so it declines like one even while acting as a person.
37Commander
Е́сли грузови́к слома́ется, съезжа́йте на обо́чину.
If a truck breaks down, pull onto the shoulder.
грузови́к
NOMINATIVE
грузови́к · masc.Subject of "breaks down."
обо́чину
ACCUSATIVE
обо́чина · fem.на for motion onto takes accusative.
38Officer
Кто бу́дет чини́ть маши́ну на ме́сте?
Who will fix the vehicle on the spot?
маши́ну
ACCUSATIVE
маши́на · fem.Direct object of "fix."
ме́сте
PREPOSITIONAL
ме́сто · neut.на ме́сте (on the spot/right there) is a fixed prepositional phrase.
39Commander
Оста́вьте охра́ну ря́дом со сло́манноймаши́ной.
Leave a guard next to the broken vehicle.
охра́ну
ACCUSATIVE
охра́на · fem.Direct object of "leave."
сло́манной
INSTRUMENTAL
сло́манный · ppl.A past passive participle used as an adjective ("broken"), agreeing with маши́ной in instrumental feminine.
маши́ной
INSTRUMENTAL
маши́на · fem.ря́дом с (next to) takes instrumental.
40Commander
В слу́чаезаса́ды рассредото́чьтесь по обо́чинам.
In case of an ambush, spread out along the shoulders.
слу́чае
PREPOSITIONAL
слу́чай · masc.Circumstance after в, prepositional.
заса́ды
GENITIVE
заса́да · fem.Case OF an ambush, two nouns stacked, not a modifier and its head.
по́мощь · fem.The reversal from ну́жен/нужна́: the thing needed is the grammatical subject, not the person who needs it. нужна́ agrees with по́мощь as feminine.
блокпо́ст
NOMINATIVE
блокпо́ст · masc.Subject of the second clause.
42Commander
Не паникуйте при появле́ниипроти́вника.
Don't panic if the enemy appears.
появле́нии
PREPOSITIONAL
появле́ние · neut.при (upon/in the event of) takes prepositional.
проти́вника
GENITIVE
проти́вник · masc.Appearance OF the enemy, two nouns stacked, not a modifier and its head.
43Commander
Ра́неных грузи́те в после́дний грузови́к.
Load the wounded into the last truck.
Ра́неных
ACCUSATIVE
ра́неный · adj.Direct object, "the wounded" as a person. ра́неный is technically an adjective used as a noun, so as an animate plural its accusative copies the genitive.
грузови́к
ACCUSATIVE
грузови́к · masc.в for motion into takes accusative.
44Officer
Ско́лько ра́неных мы мо́жем взять?
How many wounded can we take?
ра́неных
GENITIVE
ра́неный · adj.ско́лько takes genitive plural. Same surface form as the accusative in the line above, for an animate plural, accusative and genitive always coincide.
Departure
Last checks close out the paradigm work from the whole file. ка́ждый and весь both show up one final time, not modifying anything, just standing on their own as "each one" and "everyone," still fully declined.
45Commander
Проверя́йте ору́жие пе́ред вы́ездом.
Check your weapons before departure.
ору́жие
ACCUSATIVE
ору́жие · neut.Direct object of "check." Neuter, unchanged.