A commander briefs his junior officers before a multi-day convoy run to the front lines near a mountain town (trucks, troops, and supplies), with the officers checking details as he goes. Every word colored and explained: cases for nouns, modifiers, pronouns, and numerals, plus conjugation for verbs and agreement for short-form adjectives, each tagged with its dictionary form and English gloss.
NOMSubject. Dictionary form.
ACCDirect object. Motion toward with в / на.
GENAfter до от из у без для о́коло напро́тив вдоль с. Also: нет, numbers.
DATAfter к, по. Also: ну́жен, звони́ть, помо́чь.
INSTRMeans / с (with). Static position with над за под пе́ред.
PREPOnly with prepositions. в / на = location. о = topic.
VERBConjugated by person/number/tense. Case-colored pronouns show which person.
SHORTShort-form adjective or participle predicate. Agrees in gender/number, not case.
0.90x
Forming up
Head counts and gate checks before the column rolls. Round numbers behave like пять and up, pulling the genitive plural (грузовико́в, маши́н), and у for location keeps demanding genitive too, even on воро́та, a noun that only ever exists in the plural.
01Commander
Постро́йте коло́нну у гла́вныхворо́т.
Form up the column at the main gate.
Постро́йте
VERB
постро́ить · pf. · "to form up"2nd person plural/formal imperative, perfective. постро́ить becomes постро́йте.
коло́нну
ACCUSATIVE
коло́нна · fem. · "column"Direct object of "form up."
гла́вных
GENITIVE
гла́вный · adj. · "main"Modifies воро́т, agrees with it in genitive plural.
воро́т
GENITIVE
воро́та · pl. only · "gate"у (at/by) takes genitive. воро́та exists only in the plural; its genitive plural is the zero-ending воро́т.
02Commander
У насдва́дцатьгрузовико́в в коло́нне.
We have twenty trucks in the convoy.
нас
GENITIVE
мы · pers. · "us"Possessor after у (at/by), genitive of мы.
два́дцать
NOMINATIVE
два́дцать · num. · "twenty"Head of the possession phrase (like дво́е in "у нас дво́е ра́неных"), triggers genitive plural on the noun it counts.
грузовико́в
GENITIVE
грузови́к · masc. · "truck"Numbers five and up (and round tens like два́дцать) take genitive plural. грузови́к becomes грузовико́в.
коло́нне
PREPOSITIONAL
коло́нна · fem. · "column"Location after в, prepositional.
мы · pers. · "us"Possessor after у (at/by), genitive of мы.
07Commander
Пусть меха́ники осмо́трят ка́ждуюмаши́ну.
Have the mechanics inspect every vehicle.
меха́ники
NOMINATIVE
меха́ник · masc. · "mechanic"Subject, plural.
осмо́трят
VERB
осмотре́ть · pf. · "to inspect"3rd person plural future, perfective, part of a jussive construction with пусть ("have them..."). осмотре́ть becomes осмо́трят.
ка́ждую
ACCUSATIVE
ка́ждый · det. · "each"Modifies маши́ну, agrees with it in accusative feminine.
маши́ну
ACCUSATIVE
маши́на · fem. · "vehicle"Direct object of "inspect."
08Commander
Мыгото́вы к вы́ходу че́рез час.
We'll be ready to move out in an hour.
Мы
NOMINATIVE
мы · pers. · "we"Subject pronoun, nominative.
гото́вы
SHORT FORM
гото́вый · adj. · "ready"Short-form adjective, plural to agree with Мы.
час · masc. · "hour"че́рез (in/after) takes accusative for time spans. Inanimate, unchanged.
09Officer
Тра́нспортная гру́ппа уже́ на ме́сте?
Is the transport group already in position?
ме́сте
PREPOSITIONAL
ме́сто · neut. · "place"на ме́сте (in position/on the spot) is a fixed prepositional phrase.
Loading up
Loading runs on the accusative for whatever goes in the truck and the instrumental after с for whatever it travels with. свой does its usual trick of agreeing with whichever noun it's attached to, not with the subject's own gender.
пе́рвый · num. · "first"Modifies грузови́к, agrees with it directly in accusative masculine. Ordinal numerals decline like adjectives.
грузови́к
ACCUSATIVE
грузови́к · masc. · "truck"в for motion into takes accusative. Inanimate, unchanged.
12Officer
Ско́лько солда́т помеща́ется в оди́нгрузови́к?
How many soldiers fit in one truck?
солда́т
GENITIVE
солда́т · masc. · "soldier"ско́лько takes genitive plural. солда́т is one of a small set of masculine nouns with a zero-ending genitive plural, identical to the nominative singular.
оди́н
ACCUSATIVE
оди́н · num. · "one"Modifies грузови́к, agrees with it in accusative masculine. Inanimate, unchanged.
грузови́к
ACCUSATIVE
грузови́к · masc. · "truck"в for motion into takes accusative.
13Commander
Ка́ждыйвзвод грузи́тся в свойгрузови́к.
Each platoon loads into its own truck.
Ка́ждый
NOMINATIVE
ка́ждый · det. · "each"Modifies взвод, agrees with it in nominative masculine.
свой · poss. · "one's own"Modifies грузови́к, agrees with it in accusative masculine, the reflexive possessive, since the truck belongs to the subject (each platoon), not to the speaker.
грузови́к
ACCUSATIVE
грузови́к · masc. · "truck"в for motion into takes accusative.
The drive itself is a tour of every case at once: к and до pull dative and genitive toward the destination, по spreads dative across the roads themselves, and a genitive-genitive chain like подно́жия горы́ (the foot OF the mountain) shows two nouns stacking without either one modifying the other.
19Commander
Мы е́дем к го́рномугородку́ на фро́нте.
We're driving to the mountain town at the front.
Мы
NOMINATIVE
мы · pers. · "we"Subject pronoun, nominative.
е́дем
VERB
е́хать · impf. · "to go (by vehicle)"1st person plural present. е́хать becomes е́дем.
го́рному
DATIVE
го́рный · adj. · "mountain"Modifies городку́, agrees with it in dative masculine.
фронт · masc. · "front"Location after на, фронт conventionally takes на, not в. фронт becomes фро́нте.
20Commander
Доро́га идёт че́рез не́сколько дереве́нь.
The road runs through several villages.
Доро́га
NOMINATIVE
доро́га · fem. · "road"Subject.
идёт
VERB
идти́ · impf. · "to run (of a road)"3rd person singular present. идти́ becomes идёт.
дереве́нь
GENITIVE
дере́вня · fem. · "village"не́сколько (several) always takes genitive plural, regardless of what case the surrounding phrase is in. дере́вня becomes дереве́нь.
21Officer
Ско́лько дней займёт доро́га до го́рода?
How many days will the trip to the town take?
дней
GENITIVE
день · masc. · "day"ско́лько takes genitive plural. Irregular: день becomes дней.
займёт
VERB
заня́ть · pf. · "to take (time)"3rd person singular future, perfective. заня́ть becomes займёт.
находи́ться · impf. · "to be located"3rd person singular present, reflexive (-ся). находи́ться becomes нахо́дится.
подно́жия
GENITIVE
подно́жие · neut. · "foot"у (at) takes genitive.
горы́
GENITIVE
гора́ · fem. · "mountain"Possession: the foot OF the mountain. Two genitive nouns stacked together, not a modifier and its head.
Convoy discipline
Radio discipline leans on genitive after every flavor of "without" and "away from": от, без, при all want it. любо́й and ка́ждый keep declining right along with whatever noun they're attached to, this time landing in the accusative, prepositional, and instrumental in turn.
связь · fem. · "communication"Direct object of "check." Soft-stem -ь noun, accusative matches the nominative.
ка́ждый
ACCUSATIVE
ка́ждый · det. · "each"Modifies час, agrees with it in accusative masculine, recurring time expressions like "every hour" take the accusative with no preposition.
час
ACCUSATIVE
час · masc. · "hour"Accusative of recurring time span. Inanimate, unchanged.
патру́ль · masc. · "patrol"Subject, the thing doing the stopping.
Contingencies
Contingencies bring back the ну́жен reversal from the other Sentences pages. по́мощь is the grammatical subject, not the thing you'd expect. Ра́неный (wounded) is technically an adjective wearing a noun's hat, so it declines like one even while acting as a person.
37Commander
Е́сли грузови́к слома́ется, съезжа́йте на обо́чину.
If a truck breaks down, pull onto the shoulder.
грузови́к
NOMINATIVE
грузови́к · masc. · "truck"Subject of "breaks down."
ну́жный · adj. · "needed"Short-form adjective, feminine to agree with по́мощь.
по́мощь
NOMINATIVE
по́мощь · fem. · "help"The reversal from ну́жен/нужна́: the thing needed is the grammatical subject, not the person who needs it. нужна́ agrees with по́мощь as feminine.
блокпо́ст
NOMINATIVE
блокпо́ст · masc. · "checkpoint"Subject of the second clause.
42Commander
Не панику́йте при появле́ниипроти́вника.
Don't panic if the enemy appears.
панику́йте
VERB
пани́ковать · impf. · "to panic"2nd person plural/formal imperative, negated with не. пани́ковать becomes панику́йте.
проти́вник · masc. · "enemy"Appearance OF the enemy, two nouns stacked, not a modifier and its head.
43Commander
Ра́неных грузи́те в после́дний грузови́к.
Load the wounded into the last truck.
Ра́неных
ACCUSATIVE
ра́неный · adj. · "wounded"Direct object, "the wounded" as a person. ра́неный is technically an adjective used as a noun, so as an animate plural its accusative copies the genitive.
грузови́к · masc. · "truck"в for motion into takes accusative.
44Officer
Ско́лько ра́неныхмы мо́жем взять?
How many wounded can we take?
ра́неных
GENITIVE
ра́неный · adj. · "wounded"ско́лько takes genitive plural. Same surface form as the accusative in the line above, for an animate plural, accusative and genitive always coincide.
мы
NOMINATIVE
мы · pers. · "we"Subject pronoun, nominative.
мо́жем взять
VERB
мочь / взять · impf. · "can take"мо́жем (1st plural present of мочь, "can") plus the perfective infinitive взять ("to take").
Departure
Last checks close out the paradigm work from the whole file. ка́ждый and весь both show up one final time, not modifying anything, just standing on their own as "each one" and "everyone," still fully declined.