50 Sentences
Military
Radio comms from the field, the kind of lines you'd call over a military radio net. Every word colored and explained: cases for nouns, modifiers, pronouns, and numerals, plus conjugation for verbs and agreement for short-form adjectives, each tagged with its dictionary form and English gloss.
NOMSubject. Dictionary form.
ACCDirect object. Motion toward with в / на.
GENAfter до от из у без для о́коло напро́тив вдоль с. Also: нет, numbers.
DATAfter к, по. Also: ну́жен, звони́ть, помо́чь.
INSTRMeans / с (with). Static position with над за под пе́ред.
PREPOnly with prepositions. в / на = location. о = topic.
VERBConjugated by person/number/tense. Case-colored pronouns show which person.
SHORTShort-form adjective or participle predicate. Agrees in gender/number, not case.
Contact and spotting
Reporting what you see is the most common radio traffic in the game. Most lines are a nominative subject plus a location phrase. Two recurring snags: animate enemies (врага́) borrow the genitive for their accusative, and в / на for static location pull the prepositional.
Я ви́жу врага́.
I see the enemy.
я · pers. · "I" Subject pronoun, nominative. Often dropped since ви́жу already marks 1st person, but stated here for clarity.
ви́деть · impf. · "to see" 1st person singular present. 2nd-conjugation verb: the д softens to ж before -у: ви́жу.
враг · masc. · "enemy" Direct object. враг is animate masculine, so its accusative copies the genitive: -а is added.
Проти́вник спра́ва.
Enemy on the right.
проти́вник · masc. · "enemy" Subject, with the "to be" dropped. спра́ва is an adverb and never declines.
Ви́жу цель в зда́нии.
I see a target in the building.
ви́деть · impf. · "to see" 1st person singular present, subject я dropped. 2nd-conjugation verb: the д softens to ж before -у: ви́жу.
цель · fem. · "target" Direct object. цель is feminine ending in -ь, so its accusative matches the nominative.
зда́ние · neut. · "building" Static location after в, prepositional. зда́ние becomes зда́нии.
Враг впереди́, за дере́вьями.
Enemy ahead, behind the trees.
враг · masc. · "enemy" Subject.
де́рево · neut. · "tree" за meaning "behind" (location) takes instrumental. Irregular plural дере́вья becomes дере́вьями.
Сна́йпер на холме́.
Sniper on the hill.
сна́йпер · masc. · "sniper" Subject, with the "to be" dropped.
холм · masc. · "hill" Location after на, prepositional. холм becomes холме́.
Я слы́шу вы́стрелы сле́ва.
I hear shots on the left.
я · pers. · "I" Subject pronoun, nominative.
слы́шать · impf. · "to hear" 1st person singular present, 2nd conjugation. слы́шать becomes слы́шу.
вы́стрел · masc. · "shot" Direct object, plural. Inanimate, so accusative matches nominative.
Ви́жу две маши́ны на доро́ге.
I see two vehicles on the road.
ви́деть · impf. · "to see" 1st person singular present, subject я dropped. ви́деть becomes ви́жу.
два / две · num. · "two" Modifies маши́ны as the direct object; inanimate, so accusative matches nominative: две is the feminine form of два. Triggers genitive singular on the noun it counts.
маши́на · fem. · "car" Numbers 2, 3, 4 take the genitive singular. маши́на becomes маши́ны.
доро́га · fem. · "road" Location after на, prepositional.
Проти́вник занима́ет пози́цию.
The enemy is taking the position.
проти́вник · masc. · "enemy" Subject.
занима́ть · impf. · "to occupy" 3rd person singular present. занима́ть becomes занима́ет.
пози́ция · fem. · "position" Direct object. Feminine -я becomes -ю. пози́ция becomes пози́цию.
Movement and positioning
Movement language lives on the motion-versus-location split. в and на plus accusative means heading into or onto somewhere. к plus dative means toward. за plus instrumental means tucking in behind cover.
Мы дви́гаемся к мосту́.
We're moving toward the bridge.
мы · pers. · "we" Subject pronoun, nominative.
дви́гаться · impf. · "to move" 1st person plural present, reflexive (-ся). дви́гаться becomes дви́гаемся.
мост · masc. · "bridge" к (toward) takes dative. мост becomes мосту́.
Занима́й пози́цию за зда́нием.
Take a position behind the building.
занима́ть · impf. · "to occupy" 2nd person singular imperative. занима́ть becomes занима́й.
пози́ция · fem. · "position" Direct object of "take."
зда́ние · neut. · "building" за meaning "behind" (location) takes instrumental. зда́ние becomes зда́нием.
Иди́те в лес.
Go into the forest.
идти́ · impf. · "to go" 2nd person plural/formal imperative. идти́ becomes иди́те.
лес · masc. · "forest" в for motion toward takes accusative. Inanimate masculine, so it looks like the nominative.
Де́ржим оборо́ну здесь.
We're holding the line here.
держа́ть · impf. · "to hold" 1st person plural present, subject мы dropped. держа́ть becomes де́ржим.
оборо́на · fem. · "defense" Direct object. держа́ть takes accusative. оборо́на becomes оборо́ну.
Отхо́дим к дере́вне.
We're pulling back to the village.
отходи́ть · impf. · "to withdraw" 1st person plural present, subject мы dropped. отходи́ть becomes отхо́дим.
дере́вня · fem. · "village" к (toward) takes dative. дере́вня becomes дере́вне.
Прикро́й меня́ спра́ва.
Cover me on the right.
прикры́ть · pf. · "to cover" 2nd person singular imperative, perfective (one-time action). прикры́ть becomes прикро́й.
я · pers. · "me" Direct object of "cover," accusative of я.
Гру́ппа идёт че́рез по́ле.
The squad is going across the field.
гру́ппа · fem. · "squad" Subject.
идти́ · impf. · "to go" 3rd person singular present. идти́ becomes идёт.
по́ле · neut. · "field" че́рез (across / through) takes accusative. Neuter по́ле is unchanged.
Я на пози́ции, жду прика́за.
I'm in position, waiting for an order.
я · pers. · "I" Subject, with the "to be" dropped before на пози́ции.
пози́ция · fem. · "position" Location after на, prepositional.
ждать · impf. · "to wait" 1st person singular present, subject я dropped. ждать becomes жду.
прика́з · masc. · "order" ждать takes genitive when waiting for something abstract. прика́з becomes прика́за.
Orders and coordination
Giving and relaying orders. Whoever you give to or inform is dative; the thing itself is accusative. Two combat-specific triggers worth burning in: по plus dative for firing on a target, and за plus instrumental for following behind someone.
Команди́р, дай нам прика́з.
Commander, give us an order.
команди́р · masc. · "commander" Address form, nominative (Russian has no separate vocative case).
дать · pf. · "to give" 2nd person singular imperative, perfective. дать becomes дай.
мы · pers. · "us" Recipient of the order, dative of мы.
прика́з · masc. · "order" Direct object, the thing given.
Откры́ть ого́нь по проти́внику.
Open fire on the enemy.
откры́ть · pf. · "to open" Infinitive used as a formal/impersonal command, common in military orders. откры́ть is perfective.
ого́нь · masc. · "fire" Direct object of "open." Inanimate masculine, unchanged.
проти́вник · masc. · "enemy" по for firing on a target takes dative. проти́вник becomes проти́внику.
Доложи́ свою́ пози́цию.
Report your position.
доложи́ть · pf. · "to report" 2nd person singular imperative, perfective. доложи́ть becomes доложи́.
свой · poss. · "one's own" Modifies пози́цию, agrees with it in accusative feminine. Dictionary form свой becomes свою́, the reflexive possessive, since the position belongs to the subject.
пози́ция · fem. · "position" Direct object, the thing reported. свою́ agrees with it in the accusative.
Прикрыва́й команди́ра.
Cover the commander.
прикрыва́ть · impf. · "to cover" 2nd person singular imperative, imperfective (ongoing covering fire, unlike the one-time прикро́й in #14). прикрыва́ть becomes прикрыва́й.
команди́р · masc. · "commander" Direct object, animate masculine, so accusative copies the genitive. команди́р becomes команди́ра.
Сообщи́ гру́ппе о враге́.
Tell the squad about the enemy.
сообщи́ть · pf. · "to inform" 2nd person singular imperative, perfective. сообщи́ть becomes сообщи́.
гру́ппа · fem. · "squad" Recipient of the message, dative. гру́ппа becomes гру́ппе.
враг · masc. · "enemy" о (about) takes prepositional. враг becomes враге́.
Дай мне патро́ны.
Give me cartridges.
дать · pf. · "to give" 2nd person singular imperative, perfective. дать becomes дай.
я · pers. · "me" Recipient, dative of я.
патро́н · masc. · "cartridge" Direct object, plural. Inanimate, so accusative matches nominative.
Стреля́й в того́ солда́та.
Shoot at that soldier.
стреля́ть · impf. · "to shoot" 2nd person singular imperative, imperfective. стреля́ть becomes стреля́й.
тот · dem. · "that" Modifies солда́та, agrees with it in accusative masculine. солда́т is animate, so того́ copies the genitive form, same as the noun.
солда́т · masc. · "soldier" в plus accusative here aims at a target. солда́т is animate, so accusative copies the genitive. того́ agrees.
Сле́дуй за мной.
Follow me.
сле́довать · impf. · "to follow" 2nd person singular imperative. сле́довать becomes сле́дуй.
я · pers. · "me" Object of за (following behind), instrumental of я.
Supply and ammo
The highest-value pattern in this whole file: with ну́жен, the thing you need is the nominative subject and you are dative. "I need ammo" is literally "to me ammo is needed," and the verb agrees with the ammo, not you. Possession and shortage run on у plus genitive and нет plus genitive.
Мне нужны́ патро́ны.
I need cartridges.
я · pers. · "I" The one who needs, dative of я (see the reversal pattern below).
ну́жный · adj. · "needed" Short-form adjective, plural to agree with патро́ны. ну́жный becomes нужны́.
патро́н · masc. · "cartridge" The thing needed is the real subject, so it is nominative. This reversal is the key pattern.
У меня́ нет боеприпа́сов.
I'm out of ammo.
я · pers. · "I" Possessor after у (at/by), genitive of я.
боеприпа́сы · pl. · "ammunition" нет (none) forces the absent thing into genitive plural. боеприпа́сы becomes боеприпа́сов.
У сна́йпера есть апте́чка.
The sniper has a medkit.
сна́йпер · masc. · "sniper" Owner after у, genitive. сна́йпер becomes сна́йпера.
апте́чка · fem. · "medkit" The thing that exists is the subject, nominative. есть ("there is") is invariant here and doesn't conjugate for person.
Принеси́ мне апте́чку.
Bring me a medkit.
принести́ · pf. · "to bring" 2nd person singular imperative, perfective. принести́ becomes принеси́.
я · pers. · "me" Recipient, dative of я.
апте́чка · fem. · "medkit" Direct object. апте́чка becomes апте́чку.
Нам ну́жно то́пливо для маши́ны.
We need fuel for the vehicle.
мы · pers. · "we" The ones who need, dative of мы.
ну́жный · adj. · "needed" Short-form adjective, neuter to agree with то́пливо.
то́пливо · neut. · "fuel" The needed thing is the nominative subject.
маши́на · fem. · "vehicle" для (for) takes genitive. маши́на becomes маши́ны.
Дай магази́н пулемётчику.
Give a magazine to the machine gunner.
дать · pf. · "to give" 2nd person singular imperative, perfective. дать becomes дай.
магази́н · masc. · "magazine" Direct object, the thing given.
пулемётчик · masc. · "machine gunner" Recipient, dative. пулемётчик becomes пулемётчику.
Ско́лько у тебя́ грана́т?
How many grenades do you have?
ты · pers. · "you" Possessor after у, genitive of ты.
грана́та · fem. · "grenade" Quantity word ско́лько takes genitive plural. Invariant itself, ско́лько just triggers the genitive. грана́та becomes the zero-ending грана́т.
Возьми́ ору́жие врага́.
Take the enemy's weapon.
взять · pf. · "to take" 2nd person singular imperative, perfective. взять becomes возьми́.
ору́жие · neut. · "weapon" Direct object. Neuter, unchanged.
враг · masc. · "enemy" Possession, the weapon OF the enemy, genitive.
Casualties and medic
Casualty traffic hides a trigger that catches everyone: помо́чь (to help) governs dative, so the person you help is dative, never accusative. Counts of wounded pull genitive through their numerals, and reporting about losses uses о plus prepositional.
Я ра́нен.
I'm wounded.
ра́неный · ppl. · "wounded" Short-form passive participle, masculine singular to agree with я. Long form ра́неный becomes ра́нен.
Ме́дик, помоги́ солда́ту.
Medic, help the soldier.
ме́дик · masc. · "medic" Whom you are addressing, stays nominative.
помо́чь · pf. · "to help" 2nd person singular imperative, perfective. помо́чь becomes помоги́. Governs dative, not accusative.
солда́т · masc. · "soldier" помо́чь (to help) takes dative, not accusative. The one helped is dative. солда́т becomes солда́ту.
Команди́р уби́т.
The commander is down.
команди́р · masc. · "commander" Subject.
уби́тый · ppl. · "killed" Short-form passive participle, masculine singular to agree with команди́р. Not a case form itself.
Мне нужна́ по́мощь.
I need help.
я · pers. · "I" The one who needs, dative of я.
ну́жный · adj. · "needed" Short-form adjective, feminine to agree with по́мощь.
по́мощь · fem. · "help" The needed thing is the nominative subject.
Дво́е бойцо́в ра́нены.
Two fighters are wounded.
дво́е · num. · "two" Collective numeral for a group of people, subject of the sentence; triggers genitive plural on the noun it counts.
бое́ц · masc. · "fighter" The collective numeral дво́е takes genitive plural. бое́ц becomes бойцо́в.
ра́неный · adj. · "wounded" Short-form adjective, plural to agree with бойцо́в.
У нас дво́е ра́неных.
We have two wounded.
мы · pers. · "we" Possessor after у, genitive of мы.
дво́е · num. · "two" Collective numeral, subject of the possession construction; triggers genitive plural on ра́неных.
ра́неный · adj. · "wounded (person)" дво́е takes genitive plural. The noun-like adjective ра́неный becomes ра́неных.
Помоги́те ра́неному.
Help the wounded man.
помо́чь · pf. · "to help" 2nd person plural/formal imperative, perfective. помо́чь becomes помоги́те.
ра́неный · adj. · "wounded man" помо́чь takes dative. The wounded man (a noun-like adjective) becomes ра́неному.
Доложи́ о поте́рях.
Report on the casualties.
доложи́ть · pf. · "to report" 2nd person singular imperative, perfective. доложи́ть becomes доложи́.
поте́ря · fem. · "casualty" о (about / on) takes prepositional. Plural поте́ри becomes поте́рях.
Vehicles and transport
Vehicles stack everything at once. Getting in is accusative motion, riding is на plus prepositional, driving along is по plus dative, parking behind is за plus instrumental, and fueling uses the bare instrumental for the means.
Сади́сь в маши́ну.
Get in the vehicle.
сади́ться · impf. · "to get in" 2nd person singular imperative, reflexive (-ся). сади́ться becomes сади́сь.
маши́на · fem. · "vehicle" в for motion (getting into) takes accusative. маши́на becomes маши́ну.
Мы е́дем на грузовике́.
We're driving in the truck.
мы · pers. · "we" Subject pronoun, nominative.
е́хать · impf. · "to go (by vehicle)" 1st person plural present. е́хать becomes е́дем.
грузови́к · masc. · "truck" на X for a mode of transport takes prepositional. грузови́к becomes грузовике́.
Вертолёт лети́т над ле́сом.
The helicopter is flying over the forest.
вертолёт · masc. · "helicopter" Subject.
лете́ть · impf. · "to fly" 3rd person singular present. лете́ть becomes лети́т.
лес · masc. · "forest" над (over) takes instrumental. лес becomes ле́сом.
Танк дви́жется по доро́ге.
The tank is moving along the road.
танк · masc. · "tank" Subject.
дви́гаться · impf. · "to move" 3rd person singular present, reflexive. дви́гаться becomes дви́жется.
доро́га · fem. · "road" по meaning "along" takes dative. доро́га becomes доро́ге.
Выходи́ из маши́ны.
Get out of the vehicle.
выходи́ть · impf. · "to exit" 2nd person singular imperative. выходи́ть becomes выходи́.
маши́на · fem. · "vehicle" из (out of) takes genitive. маши́на becomes маши́ны.
Поста́вь грузови́к за зда́нием.
Park the truck behind the building.
поста́вить · pf. · "to park" 2nd person singular imperative, perfective. поста́вить becomes поста́вь.
грузови́к · masc. · "truck" Direct object. Inanimate masculine, unchanged.
зда́ние · neut. · "building" за meaning "behind" (location) takes instrumental.
Води́тель ждёт нас у моста́.
The driver is waiting for us at the bridge.
води́тель · masc. · "driver" Subject.
ждать · impf. · "to wait" 3rd person singular present. ждать becomes ждёт.
мы · pers. · "us" Direct object of "wait for," accusative of мы.
мост · masc. · "bridge" у meaning "by / at" takes genitive. мост becomes моста́.
Я запра́вил маши́ну то́пливом.
I fueled the vehicle.
запра́вить · pf. · "to fuel" 1st person singular past, masculine, perfective. запра́вить becomes запра́вил.
маши́на · fem. · "vehicle" Direct object.
то́пливо · neut. · "fuel" The means, what you fill it WITH, takes the bare instrumental. то́пливо becomes то́пливом.
Команди́р в та́нке, мы за ним.
The commander is in the tank, we're behind him.
команди́р · masc. · "commander" Subject, with the "to be" dropped.
танк · masc. · "tank" Location after в, prepositional. танк becomes та́нке.
мы · pers. · "we" Subject of the second clause, copula dropped.
он · pers. · "him" Object of за (behind), instrumental of он. Prepositions ending in a consonant add an н- before 3rd-person pronouns: им becomes ним.
По́сле ата́ки возвраща́емся на ба́зу.
After the attack we return to base.
ата́ка · fem. · "attack" по́сле (after) takes genitive. ата́ка becomes ата́ки.
возвраща́ться · impf. · "to return" 1st person plural present, reflexive, subject мы dropped. возвраща́ться becomes возвраща́емся.
ба́за · fem. · "base" на for motion toward takes accusative. ба́за becomes ба́зу.