50 Sentences
Transport Driver
Radio traffic from a supply-and-casevac run, deliver cargo to the front line, load the wounded, get back to MOB. Every word colored and explained: cases for nouns, modifiers, pronouns, and numerals, plus conjugation for verbs and agreement for short-form adjectives, each tagged with its dictionary form and English gloss.
NOM Subject. Dictionary form.
ACC Direct object. Motion toward with в / на.
GEN After до от из у без для о́коло напро́тив вдоль с. Also: нет, numbers.
DAT After к, по. Also: ну́жен, звони́ть, помо́чь.
INSTR Means / с (with). Static position with над за под пе́ред.
PREP Only with prepositions. в / на = location. о = topic.
VERB Conjugated by person/number/tense. Case-colored pronouns show which person.
SHORT Short-form adjective or participle predicate. Agrees in gender/number, not case.
Receiving the mission A supply run starts with the briefing at MOB. Most orders here run on ну́жно/нужна́ plus dative: you're dative, the task is nominative, or an infinitive follows. Watch for animate objects like води́теля pulling their accusative from the genitive.
Диспе́тчер вызыва́ет води́теля .
The dispatcher calls the driver.
диспе́тчер · masc. · "dispatcher" Subject.
вызыва́ть · impf. · "to call/summon" 3rd person singular present. вызыва́ть becomes вызыва́ет.
води́тель · masc. · "driver" Direct object. води́тель is animate masculine, so its accusative copies the genitive: води́теля.
У нас есть но́вое зада́ние .
We have a new mission.
мы · pers. · "us" Possessor after у (at/by), genitive of мы.
но́вый · adj. · "new" Modifies зада́ние, agrees with it in nominative neuter. Dictionary form но́вый becomes но́вое.
зада́ние · neut. · "mission" The thing possessed is the real subject with у + genitive owner, so it stays nominative agreeing with есть.
Нам ну́жно доста́вить припа́сы на передову́ю ба́зу .
We need to deliver the supplies to the frontline base.
мы · pers. · "us" The ones who need, dative of мы.
ну́жный · adj. · "needed" Short-form adjective, neuter as the default impersonal form before an infinitive complement.
доста́вить · pf. · "to deliver" Infinitive complement of ну́жно, stating what is needed.
припа́с · masc. (pl.) · "supply" Direct object, plural. Inanimate, so accusative matches nominative.
передово́й · adj. · "front-line" Modifies ба́зу, agrees with it in accusative feminine. Dictionary form передово́й becomes передову́ю.
ба́за · fem. · "base" на for motion toward takes accusative. передова́я agrees; ба́за becomes ба́зу.
Ско́лько грузовико́в в коло́нне ?
How many trucks are in the convoy?
грузови́к · masc. · "truck" ско́лько (how many) takes genitive plural. грузовики́ becomes грузовико́в.
коло́нна · fem. · "convoy" Location after в, prepositional. коло́нна becomes коло́нне.
Мне нужна́ ка́рта маршру́та .
I need a map of the route.
я · pers. · "I" The one who needs, dative of я.
ну́жный · adj. · "needed" Short-form adjective, feminine to agree with ка́рта.
ка́рта · fem. · "map" The thing needed is the real subject with нужен/нужна/нужно, so it's nominative. нужна́ agrees as feminine.
маршру́т · masc. · "route" Possession, the map OF the route, genitive. маршру́т becomes маршру́та.
Кома́ндование даёт прика́з води́телю .
Command gives the driver an order.
кома́ндование · neut. · "command" Subject.
дава́ть · impf. · "to give" 3rd person singular present. дава́ть becomes даёт.
прика́з · masc. · "order" Direct object, the thing given. Inanimate, unchanged.
води́тель · masc. · "driver" Recipient, dative. води́тель becomes води́телю.
Э́то зада́ние опа́сно .
This mission is dangerous.
зада́ние · neut. · "mission" Subject.
опа́сный · adj. · "dangerous" Short-form adjective, neuter to agree with зада́ние.
Я гото́в к вы́езду .
I'm ready to move out.
я · pers. · "I" Subject pronoun, nominative.
гото́вый · adj. · "ready" Short-form adjective, masculine singular to agree with я.
вы́езд · masc. · "departure" к (toward/for) takes dative. вы́езд becomes вы́езду.
Loading supplies Loading cargo turns on genitive after quantity words (ско́лько, бо́льше) and instrumental for whatever you strap something down WITH. со/с plus genitive marks where something comes from.
Мы гру́зим я́щики в грузови́к .
We're loading crates into the truck.
мы · pers. · "we" Subject pronoun, nominative.
грузи́ть · impf. · "to load" 1st person plural present. грузи́ть becomes гру́зим.
я́щик · masc. · "crate" Direct object, plural. Inanimate, matches nominative.
грузови́к · masc. · "truck" в for motion into takes accusative. Inanimate, unchanged.
В я́щиках боеприпа́сы и медикаме́нты.
There's ammo and medical supplies in the crates.
я́щик · masc. · "crate" Location after в, prepositional plural. я́щики becomes я́щиках.
боеприпа́сы · pl. · "ammunition" Subject of an existence sentence, stays nominative.
Нам ну́жно бо́льше воды́ и еды́ .
We need more water and food.
мы · pers. · "us" The ones who need, dative of мы.
ну́жный · adj. · "needed" Short-form adjective, neuter, the default impersonal form before бо́льше plus a partitive genitive.
вода́ · fem. · "water" Partitive genitive after бо́льше (more). вода́ becomes воды́.
еда́ · fem. · "food" Same pattern, partitive genitive. еда́ becomes еды́.
Проверя́ю коли́чество я́щиков .
I'm checking the number of crates.
проверя́ть · impf. · "to check" 1st person singular present, subject я dropped. проверя́ть becomes проверя́ю.
коли́чество · neut. · "amount" Direct object of checking. Neuter, unchanged.
я́щик · masc. · "crate" Genitive plural after a quantity noun. я́щики becomes я́щиков.
Крепи́ груз ремня́ми .
Secure the cargo with straps.
крепи́ть · impf. · "to secure" 2nd person singular imperative. крепи́ть becomes крепи́.
груз · masc. · "cargo" Direct object. Inanimate, unchanged.
реме́нь · masc. · "strap" The means, what you secure it WITH, takes the bare instrumental. реме́нь becomes ремня́ми.
У грузовика́ по́лный бак .
The truck has a full tank.
грузови́к · masc. · "truck" Owner after у, genitive. грузови́к becomes грузовика́.
бак · masc. · "tank" The thing that exists is the subject, nominative.
Прове́рь дви́гатель пе́ред вы́ездом .
Check the engine before departure.
прове́рить · pf. · "to check" 2nd person singular imperative, perfective. прове́рить becomes прове́рь.
дви́гатель · masc. · "engine" Direct object. Inanimate, unchanged.
вы́езд · masc. · "departure" пе́ред (before) meaning time takes instrumental. вы́езд becomes вы́ездом.
Гото́вы к вы́езду че́рез пять мину́т .
Ready to move out in five minutes.
гото́вый · adj. · "ready" Short-form adjective, plural to agree with the dropped subject (вы/мы).
вы́езд · masc. · "departure" к (toward/for) takes dative.
пять · num. · "five" Object of че́рез (in/after), accusative; numerals 5 and up look identical to the nominative here. Triggers genitive plural on the noun it counts.
мину́та · fem. · "minute" The numeral пять governs genitive plural. мину́та becomes мину́т.
The drive to the front On the road, movement language splits between motion (в / на plus accusative) and static location (в / на plus prepositional, ме́жду / за plus instrumental). Reporting in uses recipient datives, same as giving an order.
Коло́нна выезжа́ет из ла́геря .
The convoy is leaving the camp.
коло́нна · fem. · "convoy" Subject.
выезжа́ть · impf. · "to leave/depart" 3rd person singular present. выезжа́ть becomes выезжа́ет.
ла́герь · masc. · "camp" из (out of) takes genitive. ла́герь becomes ла́геря.
Держи́ диста́нцию ме́жду маши́нами .
Keep your distance between the vehicles.
держа́ть · impf. · "to hold/keep" 2nd person singular imperative. держа́ть becomes держи́.
диста́нция · fem. · "distance" Direct object. диста́нция becomes диста́нцию.
маши́на · fem. · "vehicle" ме́жду (between) takes instrumental. маши́на becomes маши́нами.
Впереди́ блокпо́ст , сба́вь ско́рость .
Checkpoint ahead, slow down.
блокпо́ст · masc. · "checkpoint" Subject, with "to be" dropped.
сба́вить · pf. · "to reduce" 2nd person singular imperative, perfective. сба́вить becomes сба́вь.
ско́рость · fem. · "speed" Direct object. Feminine -ь noun, accusative matches nominative.
Доро́га заминиро́вана , будь осторо́жен .
The road is mined, be careful.
доро́га · fem. · "road" Subject.
заминиро́ванный · ppl. · "mined" Short-form passive participle, feminine to agree with доро́га. Not a case form.
быть · impf. · "to be" 2nd person singular imperative of быть. быть becomes будь.
осторо́жный · adj. · "careful" Short-form adjective, masculine to agree with the dropped ты.
Объезжа́й э́тот уча́сток доро́ги .
Go around this stretch of road.
объезжа́ть · impf. · "to go around" 2nd person singular imperative. объезжа́ть becomes объезжа́й.
уча́сток · masc. · "stretch" Direct object. Inanimate, unchanged.
доро́га · fem. · "road" Possession, the stretch OF the road, genitive. доро́га becomes доро́ги.
Свя́жись с ба́зой по ра́ции .
Contact base over the radio.
связа́ться · pf. · "to contact" 2nd person singular imperative, reflexive (-ся), perfective. связа́ться becomes свя́жись.
ба́за · fem. · "base" с meaning "with/contact" takes instrumental. ба́за becomes ба́зой.
ра́ция · fem. · "radio" по meaning "over/via" takes dative. ра́ция becomes ра́ции.
Докла́дываю на́шу пози́цию диспе́тчеру .
I'm reporting our position to the dispatcher.
докла́дывать · impf. · "to report" 1st person singular present, subject я dropped. докла́дывать becomes докла́дываю.
наш · poss. · "our" Possessive, agrees with пози́цию in accusative feminine. Dictionary form наш becomes на́шу.
пози́ция · fem. · "position" Direct object, the thing reported. на́шу agrees with it in the accusative.
диспе́тчер · masc. · "dispatcher" Recipient, dative. диспе́тчер becomes диспе́тчеру.
Впереди́ подозри́тельная маши́на на доро́ге .
There's a suspicious vehicle on the road ahead.
подозри́тельная
NOMINATIVE
подозри́тельный · adj. · "suspicious" Modifies маши́на, agrees with it in nominative feminine. Dictionary form подозри́тельный becomes подозри́тельная.
маши́на · fem. · "vehicle" Subject, with "to be" dropped.
доро́га · fem. · "road" Location after на, prepositional. доро́га becomes доро́ге.
Заса́да! Разворо́т наза́д!
Ambush! Turn around!
At the frontline base Arrival keeps the motion pattern going, прибы́ть на takes accusative like other destination verbs, while со скла́да (from the depot) needs genitive. Watch for animate води́теля and pluralized substantivized nouns like бойцы́ blending noun and adjective endings.
Мы прибы́ли на передову́ю ба́зу .
We've arrived at the frontline base.
мы · pers. · "we" Subject pronoun, nominative.
прибы́ть · pf. · "to arrive" 1st person plural past, perfective. прибы́ть becomes прибы́ли.
передово́й · adj. · "forward" Modifies ба́зу, agrees with it in accusative feminine. Dictionary form передово́й becomes передову́ю.
ба́за · fem. · "base" на for arriving at a destination takes accusative, like other motion verbs. ба́за becomes ба́зу.
Встреча́ет нас команди́р ба́зы .
The base commander meets us.
встреча́ть · impf. · "to meet" 3rd person singular present. встреча́ть becomes встреча́ет.
мы · pers. · "us" Direct object of Встреча́ет, accusative of мы.
команди́р · masc. · "commander" Subject, in inverted word order.
ба́за · fem. · "base" Possession, commander OF the base, genitive.
Начина́ем разгру́зку припа́сов .
We're starting to unload the supplies.
начина́ть · impf. · "to start" 1st person plural present, subject мы dropped. начина́ть becomes начина́ем.
разгру́зка · fem. · "unloading" Direct object. разгру́зка becomes разгру́зку.
припа́сы · pl. · "supplies" The verbal noun разгру́зка governs genitive for what's being unloaded. припа́сы becomes припа́сов.
Отда́й я́щики со скла́да солда́там .
Hand the crates from the depot to the soldiers.
отда́ть · pf. · "to hand over" 2nd person singular imperative, perfective. отда́ть becomes отда́й.
я́щик · masc. · "crate" Direct object, plural, inanimate.
склад · masc. · "warehouse" со (from) takes genitive. склад becomes скла́да.
солда́т · masc. · "soldier" Recipient, dative plural. солда́т becomes солда́там.
Бойцы́ благодаря́т води́теля за груз .
The soldiers thank the driver for the cargo.
бое́ц · masc. · "fighter" Subject, plural. Irregular stem: бое́ц becomes бойцы́.
благодари́ть · impf. · "to thank" 3rd person plural present. благодари́ть becomes благодаря́т.
води́тель · masc. · "driver" Direct object, animate masculine, accusative copies the genitive.
груз · masc. · "cargo" за (for/in exchange for) takes accusative here. Inanimate, unchanged.
У них ко́нчились патро́ны и вода́ .
They've run out of ammo and water.
они́ · pers. · "they" Possessor after у, genitive of они́. Prepositions ending in a consonant add an н- before 3rd-person pronouns: их becomes них.
ко́нчиться · pf. · "to run out" 3rd person plural past, reflexive (-ся). ко́нчиться becomes ко́нчились.
патро́н · masc. · "cartridge" Subject of ко́нчиться (to run out), the thing running out is nominative, not the person.
вода́ · fem. · "water" Same construction, second subject.
Нам сро́чно нужна́ по́мощь .
We urgently need help.
мы · pers. · "we" The ones who need, dative of мы.
ну́жный · adj. · "needed" Short-form adjective, feminine to agree with по́мощь.
по́мощь · fem. · "help" The thing needed is the real subject. нужна́ agrees with it as feminine.
Гото́вьте ра́неных к погру́зке .
Get the wounded ready for loading.
гото́вить · impf. · "to prepare" 2nd person plural/formal imperative. гото́вить becomes гото́вьте.
ра́неный · masc. (subst.) · "wounded (person)" ра́неный is an adjective functioning as a noun for "wounded man." Animate plural, so accusative copies the genitive: ра́неные becomes ра́неных.
погру́зка · fem. · "loading" к (for/toward) takes dative. погру́зка becomes погру́зке.
Loading the wounded Casualty language hides ра́неный, a substantivized adjective that declines exactly like an adjective (-ый / -ого / -ому / -ых) but works as a noun for "the wounded man/men." помо́чь still governs dative, never accusative, even under pressure.
Ско́лько у вас ра́неных ?
How many wounded do you have?
вы · pers. · "you" Possessor after у, genitive of вы.
ра́неный · masc. (subst.) · "wounded (person)" ско́лько takes genitive plural. ра́неные becomes ра́неных, the same ending as the animate accusative above.
Оди́н ра́неный тяжело́, остальны́е легко́.
One [wounded] seriously, the rest lightly.
оди́н · num. · "one" The numeral оди́н declines like an adjective and agrees with ра́неный in nominative masculine.
ра́неный · masc. (subst.) · "wounded (person)" Subject, nominative singular, the base dictionary form of this substantivized adjective.
остальны́е · pl. (subst.) · "the rest" Another substantivized adjective, "the remaining ones." Subject, nominative plural.
Помоги́ ме́дику с носи́лками .
Help the medic with the stretcher.
помо́чь · pf. · "to help" 2nd person singular imperative, perfective. помо́чь becomes помоги́.
ме́дик · masc. · "medic" помо́чь (to help) governs dative, never accusative. ме́дик becomes ме́дику.
носи́лки · pl. (only) · "stretcher" с (with) takes instrumental. носи́лки exists only in the plural and becomes носи́лками.
Положи́ ра́неного в ку́зов осторо́жно.
Put the wounded man in the truck bed carefully.
положи́ть · pf. · "to put" 2nd person singular imperative, perfective. положи́ть becomes положи́.
ра́неный · masc. (subst.) · "wounded (person)" Direct object, animate, so accusative copies the genitive: ра́неный becomes ра́неного.
ку́зов · masc. · "truck bed" в for motion into takes accusative. Inanimate, unchanged.
Держи́ его́ го́лову ро́вно.
Keep his head level.
держа́ть · impf. · "to hold" 2nd person singular imperative. держа́ть becomes держи́.
он · pers. · "his" Possessive use of the genitive pronoun его́, invariant, does not change to agree with the noun's case, unlike свой/наш.
голова́ · fem. · "head" Direct object. This noun's stress shifts forward in the accusative singular: голова́ becomes го́лову.
У ра́неного си́льное кровотече́ние .
The wounded man has heavy bleeding.
ра́неный · masc. (subst.) · "wounded (person)" Owner after у, genitive. ра́неный becomes ра́неного, the same form as the animate accusative.
кровотече́ние · neut. · "bleeding" The thing that exists is the subject, nominative.
Ме́дик де́лает ра́неному уко́л .
The medic gives the wounded man a shot.
ме́дик · masc. · "medic" Subject.
де́лать · impf. · "to do" 3rd person singular present. де́лать becomes де́лает. де́лать уко́л is the idiom for "to give a shot."
ра́неный · masc. (subst.) · "wounded (person)" Recipient, dative. ра́неный becomes ра́неному.
уко́л · masc. · "injection" Direct object, the thing given. Inanimate, unchanged.
Все ра́неные в ку́зове , мо́жно е́хать.
All the wounded are in the truck bed, we can go.
ра́неный · masc. (subst.) · "wounded (person)" Subject, plural. ра́неный becomes ра́неные.
е́хать · impf. · "to go (by vehicle)" Infinitive complement of the impersonal мо́жно ("one may..."). мо́жно itself never conjugates.
ку́зов · masc. · "truck bed" Location after в, prepositional. ку́зов becomes ку́зове.
Закрепи́ носи́лки ремня́ми .
Secure the stretcher with straps.
закрепи́ть · pf. · "to secure" 2nd person singular imperative, perfective. закрепи́ть becomes закрепи́.
носи́лки · pl. (only) · "stretcher" Direct object. Plurale tantum noun, accusative matches nominative.
реме́нь · masc. · "strap" The means, what you secure it WITH, bare instrumental.
Return to MOB Heading back to MOB. до plus genitive marks "until," у plus genitive marks "at/near" a point, and о plus prepositional reports on a topic. The closing line's short passive participle (вы́полнено) isn't a case form at all; it just agrees in gender/number like an adjective.
Выезжа́ем обра́тно на основну́ю ба́зу .
We're heading back to the main base.
выезжа́ть · impf. · "to head out" 1st person plural present, subject мы dropped. выезжа́ть becomes выезжа́ем.
основно́й · adj. · "main" Modifies ба́зу, agrees with it in accusative feminine. Dictionary form основно́й becomes основну́ю.
ба́за · fem. · "base" на for motion toward takes accusative. основна́я agrees; ба́за becomes ба́зу.
Веди́ мя́гко, у нас ра́неные .
Drive gently, we have wounded aboard.
вести́ · impf. · "to drive" 2nd person singular imperative. вести́ becomes веди́.
мы · pers. · "we" Possessor after у, genitive of мы.
ра́неный · masc. (subst.) · "wounded (person)" The thing possessed is the real subject after у + genitive owner, so it stays nominative.
Докла́дываю диспе́тчеру о ра́неных .
I'm reporting to the dispatcher about the wounded.
докла́дывать · impf. · "to report" 1st person singular present, subject я dropped. докла́дывать becomes докла́дываю.
диспе́тчер · masc. · "dispatcher" Recipient, dative.
ра́неный · masc. (subst.) · "wounded (person)" о (about) takes prepositional. ра́неные becomes ра́неных.
Ско́лько вре́мени до ба́зы ?
How much time until we're at base?
вре́мя · neut. · "time" ско́лько takes partitive genitive. Irregular neuter вре́мя becomes вре́мени.
ба́за · fem. · "base" до (until) takes genitive. ба́за becomes ба́зы.
Впереди́ чи́сто, продолжа́ем движе́ние .
Clear ahead, continuing on.
продолжа́ть · impf. · "to continue" 1st person plural present, subject мы dropped. продолжа́ть becomes продолжа́ем.
движе́ние · neut. · "movement" Direct object. Neuter, unchanged.
Мы почти́ у це́ли .
We're almost at the destination.
мы · pers. · "we" Subject, with the "to be" dropped.
цель · fem. · "target" у meaning "at/near" takes genitive. цель becomes це́ли.
Медперсона́л встреча́ет нас у воро́т .
Medical staff meet us at the gate.
медперсона́л · masc. · "medical staff" Subject.
встреча́ть · impf. · "to meet" 3rd person singular present. встреча́ть becomes встреча́ет.
мы · pers. · "us" Direct object of встреча́ет, accusative of мы.
воро́та · pl. (only) · "gate" у (at/near) takes genitive. Plurale tantum воро́та takes the zero-ending genitive plural воро́т.
Зада́ние вы́полнено , все верну́лись.
Mission accomplished, everyone's back.
зада́ние · neut. · "mission" Subject.
вы́полненный · ppl. · "completed" Short-form passive participle, neuter to agree with зада́ние.
верну́ться · pf. · "to return" 3rd person plural past, reflexive (-ся). верну́ться becomes верну́лись.
50 sentences · 6 connected scenes · nominative to prepositional.